亞當·斯密

Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and economist born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland. He earned the title "Father of Economics" primarily through his 1776 masterwork *The Wealth of Nations*, which systematically analyzed how markets function, why nations prosper, and what role government should play in economic life. Before Smith, economics was not recognized as a distinct discipline. He transformed scattered observations about trade and commerce into a coherent framework built on concepts like the division of labor, free markets, and the self-regulating nature of supply and demand. His ideas laid the intellectual foundation for modern capitalism and continue to shape economic policy debates worldwide nearly 250 years later.

The "invisible hand" is Adam Smith's most famous metaphor, describing how individuals pursuing their own self-interest inadvertently promote the well-being of society as a whole. A baker does not make bread out of benevolence — he does so to earn a living — yet the community benefits from having affordable bread. Smith argued that in competitive markets, this self-interested behavior, guided by price signals and competition, allocates resources more efficiently than central planning. The phrase appears only three times across his entire body of work, yet it became the defining metaphor of free-market economics. Critics point out that Smith also recognized market failures and the need for regulation, nuances often overlooked in popular interpretations of his philosophy.

*An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations* (1776) by Adam Smith is a five-book treatise examining how economies grow and why some nations are richer than others. Book I explains the division of labor and how specialization increases productivity. Book II covers capital accumulation and investment. Book III traces the historical development of European economies. Book IV critiques mercantilism — the dominant economic doctrine of Smith's era — arguing that protectionist trade policies harm national prosperity. Book V addresses the proper roles and revenue sources of government, including taxation principles. Published the same year as American independence, its timing was symbolic: both events championed the idea that freedom — economic and political — unleashes human potential.

To trade Adam Smith on JudgeMarket, sign up for an account, fund it with OPS (Opinion Points), and visit his asset page. Go long if you believe his reputation as the foundational economic thinker will strengthen — perhaps due to renewed interest in free-market principles during economic policy debates. Go short if you think alternative economic frameworks (Keynesian, MMT, degrowth) might overshadow classical economics in public discourse. You can place limit orders to specify your entry price or market orders for immediate execution. JudgeMarket allows simultaneous long and short positions, enabling hedging strategies. Review the order book and recent trade history before placing orders, and always size your positions in proportion to your available OPS balance.

Adam Smith's first major work was *The Theory of Moral Sentiments* (1759), a philosophical treatise on ethics and human psychology. In it, Smith argued that morality arises from our natural ability to empathize with others — what he called "sympathy" or "fellow-feeling." He introduced the concept of the "impartial spectator," an imagined observer whose approval we seek when making moral decisions. This work is essential for understanding Smith's complete worldview: he was not the cold advocate of pure self-interest that popular caricatures suggest. Rather, he saw self-interest operating within a moral framework sustained by empathy and social norms. Modern behavioral economists cite *Moral Sentiments* as remarkably prescient about how humans actually make decisions.

Adam Smith's ideas form the intellectual bedrock of modern capitalism. His concept of the division of labor explained why factory production outperforms cottage industry. His advocacy for free trade influenced the repeal of Britain's Corn Laws in 1846 and shaped the post-World War II global trading system. The invisible hand metaphor became shorthand for the efficiency of decentralized markets. His taxation principles — proportionality, transparency, convenience, and efficiency — still guide fiscal policy design today. Politicians from Margaret Thatcher to modern libertarians have invoked his name to justify deregulation and market liberalization. However, scholars increasingly emphasize that Smith also supported public education, infrastructure spending, and progressive taxation, making his legacy more nuanced than either side of the political spectrum typically acknowledges.

Adam Smith's JudgeMarket valuation is closely tied to the global economic climate. During periods of market deregulation, tax reform, or free-trade agreements, his reputation tends to strengthen as policymakers and media cite his principles. Conversely, financial crises, rising inequality debates, or the growing influence of heterodox economics (such as post-growth or Modern Monetary Theory) may put downward pressure on his price. Academic publications reappraising his work, new biographical discoveries, or anniversaries of *The Wealth of Nations* can generate trading spikes. Watch for central bank policy shifts and major trade disputes — these events often trigger traders to reassess Adam Smith's relevance, creating volatility and short-term trading opportunities around his asset.

No. This is one of the most persistent misconceptions about Adam Smith. While he championed free markets and criticized excessive government intervention, he explicitly recognized situations where regulation was necessary. He supported usury laws to cap interest rates, advocated for public education and infrastructure funded by taxation, and argued that employers naturally collude to suppress wages — a dynamic requiring legal counterbalance. He warned against the political influence of merchants and manufacturers who would rig markets in their favor. Smith favored what he called "natural liberty" — a system where competition is fair and open, not one where powerful actors operate without rules. Modern scholars describe his position as supporting well-regulated markets, not laissez-faire anarchy.

The division of labor is the opening and arguably most influential concept in Adam Smith's *The Wealth of Nations*. Using his famous pin factory example, Smith showed that 10 workers each performing a specialized task could produce 48,000 pins per day, while one worker attempting all 18 steps alone might produce only a single pin. Specialization increases dexterity, saves time lost switching between tasks, and encourages invention of labor-saving machinery. However, Smith was not blind to its downsides — he warned that repetitive, narrow work could render laborers "as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become," and recommended public education as a remedy. This dual perspective — celebrating efficiency while cautioning about human cost — shows the depth of his social analysis.

Adam Smith and Karl Marx represent opposing poles of economic thought on JudgeMarket, making them a natural trading pair. Smith's price tends to rise when free-market sentiment dominates global discourse, while Marx's valuation may strengthen during periods of economic crisis, labor movements, or growing inequality debates. Savvy traders can exploit this inverse correlation by going long on one while shorting the other — a classic pairs trade. Smith generally enjoys a more stable baseline valuation in Western-centric markets due to capitalism's institutional dominance, but Marx can be more volatile and generate larger percentage moves on news events. Both figures attract high trading volume due to their enduring ideological relevance, making their order books relatively liquid.

Adam Smith led a remarkably quiet personal life for someone who changed the world. Born in 1723, he was raised by his widowed mother, to whom he remained close throughout his life. He never married and had no children. He studied at the University of Glasgow under Francis Hutcheson and later at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was largely self-taught due to the poor quality of instruction. He became a professor at Glasgow, then spent years as a tutor to the Duke of Buccleuch, traveling across France where he met Voltaire and the Physiocrats. He spent the last 12 years of his life as Commissioner of Customs in Edinburgh. He was famously absent-minded — once reportedly falling into a tanning pit while deep in conversation — and ordered most of his unpublished manuscripts burned before his death in 1790.

Adam Smith was featured on the Bank of England's 20-pound note from 2007 to 2020, making him the first Scotsman to appear on an English banknote. The honor reflected his enormous contribution to economic thought and his enduring association with the principles of wealth creation, trade, and market economies. The note featured his portrait alongside an image of pin workers from his famous division-of-labor example and a quote: "The division of labour in pin manufacturing (and the great increase in the quantity of work that results)." Being featured on currency is one of the highest forms of national recognition, and it cemented Smith's popular image as a symbol of capitalism itself. He was replaced by the artist J.M.W. Turner when the polymer 20-pound note was introduced.

Adam Smith distinguished between two types of price in *The Wealth of Nations*. The "natural price" reflects the long-run cost of production — including wages, rent, and profit at their ordinary rates. The "market price" is what buyers actually pay at any given moment, determined by supply and demand. When market price exceeds natural price, high profits attract new competitors, increasing supply until prices fall back. When market price drops below natural price, producers exit, reducing supply until prices recover. This self-correcting mechanism is central to Smith's vision of how free markets allocate resources efficiently. JudgeMarket traders may recognize a parallel: asset prices on the platform fluctuate around an implied "fair value" based on collective sentiment, with supply and demand dynamics driving short-term deviations.

Adam Smith's reception varies significantly across the globe. In China, his work gained prominence after Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in the late 1970s, as policymakers sought Western economic frameworks to guide market liberalization. Chinese translations of *The Wealth of Nations* became widely studied in universities, and Smith is generally respected as a foundational thinker, though his ideas are adapted within a state-guided capitalism framework rather than adopted wholesale. In developing nations, reactions are mixed: some embrace his free-trade principles as pathways to growth, while others associate them with colonial-era exploitation and structural adjustment policies imposed by Western institutions. This global diversity of interpretation makes Smith a particularly interesting JudgeMarket asset — sentiment can shift depending on which regional narrative gains prominence.

Adam Smith is a macro-sensitive asset on JudgeMarket, so the most effective strategies align with economic and political cycles. During periods of trade liberalization, tax reform, or deregulation rhetoric, consider accumulating a long position as sentiment typically favors free-market thinkers. Conversely, during recessions, banking crises, or rising populist movements, defensive positioning or shorting may be warranted as public sentiment turns skeptical of unfettered markets. A pairs-trade strategy — long Smith, short Karl Marx during pro-market phases, and the reverse during crises — can help isolate ideological momentum from broader market noise. Academic publication cycles and economic policy summits also generate predictable volatility. Use limit orders to manage entry points and always maintain adequate OPS reserves for margin flexibility.